•Retinol Total Safe Intake, TSI
= 1500
ug/day
•
•Risk: Osteoporosis - common
Birth Defects - v. rare
•
•UK adult diet ~700 ug/day
•
•Supplements Safe Upper Level
<800 ug/day
none in
pregnancy
•
•High intakes from:
- food –
liver, very high dairy
- supplements
multivits and CLO
•
•TSI is exceeded by:
- adults
(19-64yrs) 6%
- elderly
(65+ yrs) 11%
•
•Raised Serum Retinol:
- renal
impairment
- alcohol
excess
- abdominal
obesity