•29,133 male smokers; average 36 pack-years
•
•2x2 factorial design
•
•20 mg beta-carotene/50 IU alpha-tocopherol/day for 6.5
years
•
•Vitamin E: no effect lung cancer [RR 0.98]
•
•Beta-carotene: no effect lung cancer [RR 1.18; 95% CI
1.03-1.36] and mortality [RR 1.08;
95% CI 1.01-1.16]
•
•Risk higher in heavy smokers >20 cigs/day [RR 1.25;
CI 1.07-1.46], light smokers
5-19 cigs/day [RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.76-1.23]
•
•Alcohol consumers (>11g ethanol/day) increased
non-small cell lung cancer
•
•Baseline intake and serum beta-carotene were inversely
related to lung cancer risk