•Levels >2.8 umol/l indicate excess and an increased
risk of osteoporosis
•They can be due to excessive intake (diet or
supplements), obesity, type 2 diabetes,
alcohol excess or renal failure [LIDNS causes are unclear]
•Retinol supplements were taken by <13% of men
and <22% of women
•The highest regional upper 2.5 percentile levels were:
Northern Irish men 4.0 umol/l
and Scottish women 3.78 umol/l